Regulating biotechnology: Legal oversight as a tool for preventing genetic environmental damage

Abstract

The rapid advancement of biotechnology and genetic engineering has created significant opportunities for scientific and economic development, while simultaneously introducing complex environmental and public health risks. This study examines the regulatory frameworks designed to prevent genetic environmental damage, highlighting the critical interplay between international agreements and national administrative oversight. International instruments, such as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Convention on Biological Diversity, establish fundamental principles including the precautionary approach, transparency, prior informed consent, and cross-border cooperation, which aim to mitigate potential adverse impacts of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on biodiversity and ecosystems. At the domestic level, administrative measures—licensing regimes, activity prohibitions, mandatory compliance obligations, and prior notifications—translate these international principles into enforceable safeguards. Using Algeria as a case study, this research analyzes the effectiveness of these mechanisms and identifies regulatory gaps, particularly regarding emerging biotechnologies outside traditional agricultural contexts. The study concludes that a comprehensive, multi-level regulatory strategy is essential to balance scientific innovation with environmental protection. Key recommendations include modernizing national legislation in line with scientific and technological advances, integrating the precautionary principle more explicitly, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and promoting public awareness and participation.