The efforts of Bey Mohammed el-Kebir in the second conquest of Oran (1792 CE): A historical study

Abstract

The liberation of the city of Oran represents one of the most significant historical events that exposed the complexities of the Ottoman–Spanish conflict in the Algerian West during the early modern period. Characterized by a prolonged occupation, repeated attempts at reclamation, and the interplay of military, political, and ideological dimensions, Oran had been under Spanish control since 1509 CE. It remained a formidable strategic stronghold that resisted Ottoman conquest for nearly three centuries. Although the Ottomans achieved a temporary success in reclaiming it in 1708 CE under Governor Mohammed Bekdash, the Spanish reoccupied the city in 1732 CE. In this historical context, Bey Mohammed el-Kebir emerged as one of the most prominent leaders who recognized that the recovery of Oran could not be accomplished through military force alone. It required a comprehensive mobilization strategy involving military reorganization, financial investment, and close coordination with scholarly and religious elites. This strategy was embodied in the establishment of the ribat (a fortified outpost where mujahideen could shelter to confront the enemy) at Jabal al-Ma'ida, which served a dual purpose: providing academic and religious education to students while simultaneously engaging in psychological warfare.